# Startups and Academia are bad at addressing structural constraints Both systems encourage making one single clear contribution at a time. * Papers are supposed to be discrete building blocks that add one brick to the wall that is ‘the literature’ * [[Academics are incentivized to do peer-reviewed publishable work]] * It is common wisdom that startups need to focus on changing one thing at a time. In each case, there are rational good reasons for these constraints but it makes it hard for either system to address [[Structural Constraints]]. Additionally, [[Problems that require system-level solutions often require massive teams]] and both startups and single labs do not have those teams. Interestingly, the [[§ARPA model]] may be able to cheat around this constraint by using externalized research. [[R+D orgs lie on a spectrum between externalized and internalized execution and benefits]] ### Related * [[§Startup Constraints]] * [[§Academia and Research]]